Forthcoming in google上网助手手机版手机.

We investigate a recent proposal for modal hypersequent calculi. The interpretation of relational hypersequents incorporates an accessibility relation along the hypersequent. These systems give the same interpretation of hypersequents as Lellman’s linear nested sequents, but were developed independently by Restall for S5 and extended to other normal modal logics by Parisi. The resulting systems obey Došen’s principle: the modal rules are the same across different modal logics. Different modal systems only differ in the presence or absence of external structural rules. With the exception of S5, the systems are modular in the sense that different structural rules capture different properties of the accessibility relation. We provide the first direct semantical cut-free completeness proofs for K, T, and D, and show how this method fails in the case of B and S4.

DOI:10.1017/S1755020320000180

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rhsmlt

Forthcoming in The Review of Symbolic Logic.

Any set of truth-functional connectives has sequent calculus rules that can be generated systematically from the truth tables of the connectives. Such a sequent calculus gives rise to a multi-conclusion natural deduction system and to a version of Parigot’s free deduction. The elimination rules are “general,” but can be systematically simplified. Cut-elimination and normalization hold. Restriction to a single formula in the succedent yields intuitionistic versions of these systems. The rules also yield generalized lambda calculi providing proof terms for natural deduction proofs as in the Curry-Howard isomorphism. Addition of an indirect proof rule yields classical single-conclusion versions of these systems. Gentzen’s standard systems arise as special cases.

DOI: 谷歌上网助手怎么免费

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gencalcs

I’ve been thinking for a long time about how to do assignments, exams, and grading differently in my intro logic course. Provincial budget cuts mean my enrolment will double to 200 students in the Fall term, and the fact that it will have to be fully online raises additional challenges. So maybe now is a good time as any to rethink things!

Mastery Grading aka Standards-based Grading is an approach that’s become increasingly popular in university math courses. In points-based grading, you assign points on all your assignments and exams, and then assign grades on the basis of these points. The system relies heavily on partial credit. Students will revolt if you don’t give it, because so much can hang on fractions of a percentage point. In mastery grading, you define the learning outcomes you want students to achieve, and grade based on how many many they have achieved (and perhaps at what level they have achieved them). Big perk for the instructor: you don’t have to worry about partial credit.

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Now for an online logic course, especially one with high enrollment like mine, academic honesty is going to be a bigger issue than if I had the ability to do proctored in-class tests. Evaluation that discourages cheating will be extra important, and one of the best ways to do that is to lower the stakes on exams. If I can have many short exams instead of a midterm and a final, I’ll have to worry about cheating less. That works out nicely if I want each exam to test for a specific learning objective. More exams also means more grading, and I have limited resources to do this by hand. Luckily most of the objectives in a formal logic course can be computer graded. I’ve already made heavy use of the Carnap system in my logic courses. One drawback is that Carnap can only tell if a solution is completely correct or not. Although partial credit functionality has been added since COVID hit, not having to manually go through a hundred half-done proofs every week will be crucial in the Fall. So mastery grading is a win-win on this front.

Assigning letter grades and incentivizing various behaviors (such as helping other students in online discussion boards) is, however, a lot harder than in a points-based approach. For this, I’m planning to use specification grading: You decide at the outset what should count as performance worthy of a specific letter grade (e.g., completing all problem all problem sets, passing 90% of quizzes an exams for an A) and then use these specifications to convert many individual all-or-nothing data points to a letter grade. To encourage a “growth mindset” (practice makes perfect) I’ll allow students to revise or repeat assignments and tests (within limits). This would be a nightmare with 200 students and 10 tests, but if they are computer graded, I just need to have two versions of each (short!) test — about the same effort as having makeup versions of two or three longer exams.

I’ve already used specifications grading in Logic II (our metatheory course), where I just copied what Nicole Wyatt had pioneered. That, I think, has worked pretty well. The challenge is to implement it in the much larger Logic I.

I have a preliminary plan (learning outcomes, activities, grade scheme, token system). That’s a google doc with commenting turned on. Please let me know what you think!

If you want more info on mastery & specs grading especially for math-y courses, check out the website for the google助手手机版下载 just completed, especially the pre-conference assignments and the google助手手机版下载. Recordings of sessions to come soon, I hear.

When you define satisfaction for quantified formulas, e.g., \(\forall x\, A\), you have to have a way to make \(x\) range over all elements of the domain. Here are the common options:

A. Tarski-style: use variable assignments \(s\colon V \to D\) (where \(V\) is the set of variables and \(D\) the domain), then define \[\mathfrak{M}, s \models \forall x \, A \iff \mathfrak{M}, s’ \models A \text{ for all $x$-variants $s’$ of $s$}.\] This requires a definition of “\(x\)-variant” but is otherwise very clean. Its drawback is that it obscures how we let \(x\) range over all elements of \(D\), and my students have a hard time understanding it and an even harder time working with it.

B. Alternative Tarski-style: we use variable assignments as above, but avoid talking about \(x\)-variants. Instead, we define the notation \(s[m/x]\), the variable assignment just like \(s\) except it assigns \(m \in D\) to \(x\). Then we have \[\mathfrak{M}, s \models \forall x \, A \iff \mathfrak{M}, s[m/x] \models A \text{ for all } m \in D.\]

C. Model theory style: instead of introducing variable assignments that provide the interpretation for variables, we define directly when a formula is satisfied by a sequence of objects: if the variables of \(A\) are among \(y_1, \dots, y_k\) then \(\mathfrak{M} \models A[n_1,\dots, n_k]\) means what \(\mathfrak{M}, s \models A\) means Tarski-style for the assignment \(s\) that maps each \(y_i\) to \(n_i\). Then the clause for the universal quantifier becomes \[\mathfrak{M} \models \forall x \, A[n_1, \dots, n_k] \iff \mathfrak{M} \models A[m, n_1, \dots, n_k] \text{ for all } m \in D.\] This is simple in that it avoids an intermediary function, but can easily be confusing for beginning students because it is neither clean nor precise. We have to understand that \(A\) is a formula with the free variables \(x, y_1\, \dots, y_k\). But what determines the order? Or, put another way, which object interprets which variable?

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E. Finally, there’s Robinson-style: we treat every \(m\in D\) as a constant symbol that names itself. Then substituting \(m\) for \(x\) in \(A\) is possible, since \(m\) belongs to both the domain of the structure and to the language, and we can write \[\mathfrak{M} \models \forall x \, A \iff \mathfrak{M} \models A[m/x] \text{ for all } m \in D.\] Naturally, this is not something philosophers like to do because it just seems confused to allow domain elements to function as linguistic symbols naming themselves.

Maybe I’ll find the time to write a paper tracing the origins of all of these at some point. But for now, I wonder: which way is best, pedagogically? Specifically, the Open Logic Project uses Tarski-style, but I’d like to replace it with a definition that is easier to understand and avoids the use of \(x\)-variants. Which would you prefer for the OLP? Which do you prefer in your own teaching or research and why?

So, we’re all moving to online courses, and for some of us that means we have to figure out how to switch from scribbling feedback and letter grades on papers, handing them back to students, and turning those letter grades into a course grade at the end. Most of us are using learning management systems (LMS, such as Brightspace/D2L, Blackboard, Canvas, Moodle) to do this already, and now it’s just a matter of keeping track of papers entirely in the LMS, rather than just entering grades. You probably already have a system for converting between letter grades and percentages, which the LMS use to calculate overall grades based on weights of various course components. If so, it’s probably easiest to stick to that. This post is to record how to do two things (mainly in Brightspace/D2L since that’s what we use): a) get the LMS to offer letter grades (or other scales) as grade choices when grading a paper, and b) to set up a grade scheme that keeps track of (averages and weights) of letter grades without a percentage scheme.

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To set up the grade scheme in the first place, and to solve problem b), we have to do some math. D2L does grade schemes in percentages, but we think more naturally of grade point values: an A+ is 4.3, and A is 4, and A- is 3.7, etc. To convert these into percentages, just divide by the maximum score (i.e., 4.3): A+ is 100%, A is 4/4.3 = 93.02%, A- is 3.7/4.3 = 86.04% etc. Do the same for any other grade scheme you want to use. E.g., if you want slash grades, you’d assign 3.5 to A/B, and 3.5/4.3 = 81.50%.

Note that whatever the maximum score is in your grade scheme here should also be the “maximum score” in any individual grade item that uses this score.

The grade scheme in D2L asks for not just an “assigned value %” for each letter grade (or other scale item), but also for a “start %”. If you average the grades (or rather, their “assigned %” values), you may get a value that does not correspond precisely to a letter grade. You have to decide where to start to “round up”. Say, you have three papers. If you want a student to get an A overall only if they get three As, then the “start %” should be the same as the “assigned value %” for an A (93.02%). But maybe you want to give them an A if they turn in two As and an A- (or some other threshold, e.g., 3 As and 2 A- on 5 papers, etc.). If so, compute the average of the grade point values of the threshold pattern, e.g., if A/A/A- earns an A, (4.0+4.0+3.7)/3 = 3.9. Then convert that to a percentage: 3.9/4.3 = 90.70. You probably want to be careful with the start % value of a D: If you have three papers and want to pass a student with a D if they have turned in 2/3 papers with Ds, the start % is (1+1+0)/3/4.3, i.e., 15.50%. But if you have many assignments, a low percentage like that will make it possible to earn a D with an A on a single assignment (if you have 6 papers, and a student gets an A on the first and then never submits another paper, they will earn 15.5% overall. But probably you don’t want to pass that student). For this reason, I like to make the start value of a D the percentage equivalent of 0.9/4.3, or 20.93).

If you’re using some other LMS, you will have to figure out how to do all this there. E.g., Moodle has grading scales (corresponding to D2L’s “assigned %” scale) and also a course-wide system of converting percentages to letter grades, which corresponds to D2L’s “start %” scale.

You can use this Letter Grade Scheme together with other schemes. For instance, you may use it only as the grade scheme for the final grade, but assess other assignments on a more coarse-grained basis, such as slash grades. Some items may even just get a pass/fail or turned-in/not-turned-in assessment. A popular scale for such assignments is ✓, ✓+, and ✓-. You’ll need to decide to assign letter grade or grade point equivalents to such grades for the purpose of calculation (perhaps A, A+, B+) and use these to compute the “assigned %” for your ✓+/- grade scheme. (Unless you want to display a category average using these alternative grade schemes, you can set the “start %” equal to the “assigned %”.) For a scale like ✓+/- remember to add a grade value corresponding to “not turned in” (with assigned value 0%), or else you won’t be able to distinguish between an assignment that’s received a ✓- and one that’s missing.

A final tip: if you’re using grade schemes, having D2L show you the grade symbol and also the percentages will clutter your grade sheet view. So when you create your selectbox grade items, check “override display options” and only leave “scheme symbol” (and maybe “scheme color”) checked. This will also keep students from being confused.

Here is my own letter grade scheme:

Letter grade		Start %	Assigned value
F	0	0.00%	0.00%
D	1	手机谷歌上网助手破解版	23.26%
D+	1.3	27.91%	30.23%
C-	1.7	36.43%	39.53%
C	2	44.19%	46.51%
C+	2.3	谷歌上网助手怎么免费	53.49%
B-	2.7	59.69%	62.79%
B	3	手机端的谷歌上网助手	手机谷歌上网助手破解版
B+	3.3	74.42%	手机谷歌上网助手破解版
A-	3.7	82.95%	86.05%
A	4	90.70%	google上网助手手机版
A+	4.3	97.67%	google上网助手手机版手机

I wasn’t going to put this online until it was done and cleaned up, but given the situation, maybe this can be of help.

I just developed and tried out a course on formal logic for a 13-week semester. It has:

• a free online textbook: forall x: Calgary
• beamer slides for lectures (or screencasts)
• problem sets, which are mostly completed online on Carnap and graded automatically (see here if you want to use Carnap with a different textbook)
• practice problems for Carnap (accessible on carnap.io as well)
• 3 tests (only one converted to online/carnap so far)

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lectures

If you can bear it, here are screencasts of my talking through the stuff on identity in these lecture slides, and doing some proofs on Carnap.

http://ucalgary.yuja.com/V/PlayList?node=261149&a=1258679219&autoplay=1

Well, all my logic lectures moved online as of last week. It’s been a bit of a scramble, as I’m sure it’s been for you as well. I needed to rapidly produce videos of lectures (on logic in my case) I can give with students to watch. I thought I’d quickly share what I’m doing in case you’re in a similar situation.

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For screencast recording on Linux I find Kazam works fine. It’s super-simple, all it does is record the microphone (or computer speaker output) together with whatever happens on your screen (or in a window). So if you want to show your students how to work google上网助手手机版 or Carnap or whatever, or if you want to show them a beamer presentation and talk over it, that’s all you need. (Well, you might want to invest in a decent microphone.)

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I also have a Wacom Intuos writing tablet I got last week in panicked anticipation ($70 US/CAD 90). It works with Linux (plug-and-play USB), just takes a little getting used to. For a handwriting app, I discovered StylusLabs Write. It works really nice. I just fire it up, hit record on Kazam, start writing. It can easily add a new page/whiteboard area, you can scroll back to a previous one easily, and in the end you can save the whiteboard as a PDF. Here’s an example of me 谷歌服务助手-插件下载-Chrome网上应用店:2021-11-13 · Chrome网上应用店在线提供谷歌服务助手插件下载或者谷歌服务助手百度云网盘共享在线下载,谷歌浏览器插件谷歌服务助手简介：一款为开发者设计的chrome扩展,轻松访问Google、Android、Golang官网,免费快速无限制,自由零距离。. {Update: See comment below for a vote for xournal++.} {Update 2: OpenBoard now runs on Ubuntu 20.04 — full-feature whiteboard with PDF import functionality and built-in screencast support!}

What is your solution? I made a Google spreadsheet where you can record your solution; maybe it’ll help other instructors who are struggling right now to adapt in the great COVID-19 rush online.

I would prefer to use my ReMarkable for all of this: it has a desktop app for Mac & Windows that shows what you’re drawing on it. So if you have one, try that out! I was hoping to make it work in Linux using srvfb, but have to wait until ReMarkable fixes a bug that turned off ssh access to the tablet. Will let you know what I find out.

A couple of years ago I posted a roundup of interactive logic courseware with an automatic grading component. The favorite commercial solution is Barwise & Etchemendy’s Language, Proof, and Logic textbook that comes with software for doing truth tables, natural deduction proofs, and semantics for propositional and first-order logic, which also automatically grades student’s solutions. The problem is, that (a) it costs money and (b) will only grade problems from that textbook. I already pointed to the open-source, and free-to-use alternative 谷歌访问助手安卓插件 by Graham Leach-Krouse and Jake Ehrlich. Graham wrote a guest post on Daily Nous about it a while ago. I’ve now used this myself with great success and thought I’d write up my experience.

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• Translation exercises (i.e., you provide a sentence in English and the student’s task is to symbolize it in propositional or first-order logic).
• Truth tables (you give sentence(s) of propositional logic, the student must fill in a truth table, and use it to determine, say, if an argument is valid, a sentence is a tautology, or if two sentences are equivalent, etc.).
• Derivations (you provide a sentence or argument and the student has to construct a formal proof for it).
• Model construction (you provide a sentence or argument, the student has to give a domain and extensions of predicates to make the sentence true, false, or show that the argument is invalid, etc.).
• Basic multiple choice and short-answer questions.

Carnap comes with its own textbook and a collection of pre-made problem sets. But you can make up your own problem sets. That’s of course a bit of work, but you have complete control over the problems you want to assign. Here are some sample exercises that go with the Calgary version of forall x:

• Propositional symbolizations
• Truth tables
• Fitch-style natural deduction proofs for propositional logic
• Symbolization in first-order logic
• Model construction
• Natural deduction proofs for first-order logic

These are pages I give to my students to get them to become familiar with Carnap before they have to actually do problems for credit. The main difference is that for a real problem set, each exercise has a “submit” button that the student can click once they’ve found a correct solution.

To get an idea of how these problem sets are written, have a look at the documentation.

As you see, the problems are interactive: the student enters the solution, and Carnap will tell them if the solution is correct. In the case of derivations, it will also provide some feedback, e.g., tell the student why a particular application of a rule is incorrect.

You can assign a point value to each problem. Carnap also allows you to set up a course, let students sign up for the course, and lets you assign the pages you’ve created as problem sets. It will allow students to submit problems they have correctly solved, and Carnap will tally the point score earned. You can then download a spreadsheet of student scores per problem set and assign marks on the basis of that.

As you see, Carnap is incredibly flexible. Moreover, it supports the syntax and proof rules of a number of popular textbooks. I’ll highlight the free/open ones:

• Graham Leach-Krouse, Carnap: The Book
• Gary Hardegree, Introduction to Modal Logic
• P. D. Magnus, forall x: An Introduction to Formal Logic, and also its derivatives
  • P. D. Magnus, Jonathan Ichikawa-Jenkins, forall x: UBC
  • P. D. Magnus, Tim Button, et al. forall x: Calgary

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Commercial texts supported by Carnap, which you would be evil to make your students buy of course, are:

• Bergman, Moore, Nelson, The Logic Book (McGraw-Hill, $130)
• Goldfarb, Deductive Logic (Hackett, $39)
• Hausman, Kahane, Tidman, Logic and Philosophy (Wadsworth, $120)
• Howard-Snyder, Howard-Snyder, Wasserman, 谷歌访问助手安卓插件 (McGraw-Hill, $130)
• Kalish and Montague, Logic: Techniques of Formal Reasoning (Oxford, $90)
• Tomassi, Logic (Routledge, $54)

All of these textbooks use a linear version of natural deduction (Fitch, Lemmon, or Montague), but Carnap now also has proof editors for Gentzen-style sequent calculus and natural deduction proofs and checks them for correctness.

How does it support different textbooks? Basically, the document you upload just tells Carnap, say, what sentence you want the student to produce as a translation, or what sentence you want them to give a proof of. You can change the “system” in which they do that, and based on that Carnap will show them the symbols differently (e.g., will ask them to do a truth table for \((\lnot P \land Q) \to R\) or for \((\mathord\sim P \mathbin\& Q) \supset R\)), and and will accept and display proofs in different formats and allow different rules. Even if your favorite text doesn’t show up above it’s likely that it is already partially supported. Graham is also incredibly helpful and responsive; last term he introduced new proof system systems and other features based on my request, often within days. (Bug reports and feature requests are handled via GitHub.)

Carnap is already pretty smart. It will accept not only solutions to translation questions that are syntactically identical to the model solution, but any equivalent solution (the equivalence check is not perfect for the first-order case, but will generally accept any reasonable equivalent translation). Graham has recently introduced a few new features, e.g., you can randomize problems for different students, or require that some conditions are met for translation problems (e.g., that the translation only uses certain connectives or is in a normal form).

To get set up, just email Graham. Once you have an instructor account and are logged in, you’ll be able to see the actual problem sets I assign in my class. You’re welcome to copy and use them of course! (If you happen to use a different textbook, you’ll just have to adjust the terminology and change the “system” Carnap is supposed to use in each problem.) Check here for more of the course, like lecture slides.

In Gabriele M. Mras, Paul Weingartner & Bernhard Ritter (eds.), Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics. Proceedings of the 41st International Ludwig Wittgenstein Symposium. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 313-326 (2019)

The Curry-Howard isomorphism is a proof-theoretic result that establishes a connection between derivations in natural deduction and terms in typed lambda calculus. It is an important proof-theoretic result, but also underlies the development of type systems for programming languages. This fact suggests a potential importance of the result for a philosophy of code.

DOI 10.1515/9783110657883-018

Embargoed until November 2020. Please email for offprint.

A textbook on modal and other intensional logics based on the Open Logic Project. It covers normal modal logics, relational semantics, axiomatic and tableaux proof systems, intuitionistic logic, and counterfactual conditionals.

LINK

Textbook on Gödel’s incompleteness theorems and computability theory, developed for Calgary’s Logic III course, based on the Open Logic Project. Covers recursive function theory, arithmetization of syntax, the first and second incompleteness theorem, models of arithmetic, second-order logic, and the lambda calculus.

LINK

Sets, Logic, Computation is an introductory textbook on metalogic. It covers naive set theory, first-order logic, sequent calculus and natural deduction, the completeness, compactness, and Löwenheim-Skolem theorems, Turing machines, and the undecidability of the halting problem and of first-order logic. The audience is undergraduate students with some background in formal logic, e.g., what is covered by forall x.

LINK

forall x: Calgary is a full-featured textbook on formal logic. It covers key notions of logic such as consequence and validity of arguments, the syntax of truth-functional propositional logic TFL and truth-table semantics, the syntax of first-order (predicate) logic FOL with identity (first-order interpretations), translating (formalizing) English in TFL and FOL, and Fitch-style natural deduction proof systems for both TFL and FOL. It also deals with some advanced topics such as truth-functional completeness. Exercises with solutions are available. It is provided in PDF (for screen reading, printing, and a special version for dyslexics) and in LaTeX source code.

LINK

The Collected Works of Rudolf Carnap, Volume 1

Edited by A.W. Carus, Michael Friedman, Wolfgang Kienzler, Alan Richardson, and Sven Schlotter. With editorial assistance by Steve Awodey, Dirk Schlimm, and Richard Zach. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.

Publisher link
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For years I’ve been jealous of colleagues with Macs who apparently all use BibDesk for managing their article PDF collections and BibTeX citations in one nice program. I think I’ve finally figured out how to do both things on Linux: Zotero, with the Better BibTeX and ZotFile add-ons.

Zotero is first of all a citation management system. It’s multi-platform, open-source, not tied to a commercial publisher, widely used and well-supported. Your article database lives on your computer, but is synced with a central server. So any changes you make to the citation database gets automatically mirrored to your other computers (even if they run different OSs), and you can access it online as well. The browser extension Zotero Connector lets you import & download references and PDFs from publishers’ websites, JSTOR, etc., with a single click. It does everything a reference manager does, e.g., give you bibliographies and citations in Word or LibreOffice.

Zotero manages PDFs in one of two ways: you can store a PDF in Zotero, or you can add links to PDFs on your local drive. The former option manages the PDFs for you, syncs them across computers, etc. But you only get 300MB of online storage for free, and that’s gone quickly. But if you keep your PDF directory synced across computers (e.g., if it lives in your Dropbox), linking the PDFs is just as good. If you add a PDF, Zotero will look up the metadata for you and add a reference to your database. It keeps an index of the content of PDFs, so search will pick up hits in the PDFs and not just in the metadata. If you have a reference already, Zotero can look it up online and help you find the PDF (or library call number). The 谷歌上网助手安卓版 add-on makes this even easier. For instance, with one click you can add the most recently downloaded file to a reference item, move it into your PDF directory, and rename it according to some standard schema, say “Author – Year – Title.pdf”.

All of this has worked to some extent for a while, and also works with other reference managers. What has kept me from using them is that I want my reference manager to play nice with BibTeX. That means it should export BibTeX files with (a) proper capitalization, (b) LaTeX code where necessary (e.g., mathematical formulas in titles), (c) keep track of BibTeX fields like the crossref and note fields, which may contain LaTeX code itself (e.g., “Reprinted in \cite{...}“), and (d) not change cite keys on you. On the other hand, the database itself should look as normal as possible and avoid LaTeX code whenever possible (e.g., I want Gödel’s papers to be indexed under “Gödel”, not under “G{\”o}del”). When I tried Zotero the last time (and other reference managers), it would deal with (a) by enclosing the entire title field in braces. That meant BibTeX would not lowercase anything; and sometimes the style does require lowercasing things. I don’t remember if (b) or (c) ever worked.

Anyway, Zotero’s Better BibTeX extension does an excellent job.  You can put in “Gödel” as the author name, and it will export to “G{\”o}del”. It assigns cite keys according to a configurable pattern, but it keeps cite keys the same when importing BibTeX files. You can change them manually, and it will remember them. Additional BibTeX fields not already supported by Zotero are saved on import and included on export.  It will convert HTML tags (which Zotero understands as well) to LaTeX code on export (e.g., <i>...</i> to \emph{...}). If you need LaTeX code, just enclose it in <pre>...</pre> tags. It does a very good job with capitalization and is even smart enough to do its transformations only to English language titles. Especially nice: Better BibTeX will keep your exported BibTeX files up to date. So, e.g., you can put all the references for a paper you’re working on in a Zotero “collection”, tell Better BibTeX to export it, and the .bib file will stay up to date if you change or add something to the collection in Zotero.

Want to try it?

• Install 微多开工具-上网工具小助手 对于Windows PC：免费下载 ...:2021-3-13 · 下载 微多开工具-上网工具小助手 用于Windows PC（7,8,10）和Mac电脑的软件！ 对于 微多开工具-上网工具小助手 要在您的计算机上工作，您需要先从Bluestacks官方网站下载最新的应用程序模拟器 - Bluestacks软件：
• Install ZotFile
• Install Better BibTeX
• Check your preferences, e.g., whether you want Zotero to rename PDFs or look up metadata when saving them.
• 且用且珍惜：直连下载Google play版App的仅有办法 - 知乎:今天阿虚就来说说这个问题吧，没必要苦苦等别人搬运了，今天阿虚教一下大家怎么 “ 不需要魔法上网 ” 就能下载 Google play 版 App。 Google play 版 App 的优点 Google Play 是什么呢？你可以单纯它就是谷歌旗下的安卓应用市场而已（实际上 Google Play 还有游戏板块以及娱乐板块）
• Tell ZotFile where your downloaded files and your PDF direcories are, so it knows where to look for the most recent PDF to attach (in Tools > ZotFile preferences) and where to move them to. Make sure you set the ZotFile PDF naming pattern there to something you like.
• Set up an account on zotero.org and link your library to it in Preferences: Sync (but uncheck “Sync attachment files” if you don’t want your PDFs on zotero.org)
• Tweak your Better BibTeX settings, esp. the cite key pattern to make sure imported cite keys are the way you want them.

The SEP entry on “The Emergence of First-Order Logic” by William Ewald is out today.

The Association for Logic in India (ALI) announces the eighth edition of its biennial International Conference on Logic and its Applications (ICLA), to be held at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi from March 3 to 5, 2019.

ICLA is a forum for bringing together researchers from a wide variety of fields in which formal logic plays a significant role, along with mathematicians, computer scientists, philosophers and logicians studying foundations of formal logic in itself. A special feature of this conference is the inclusion of studies in systems of logic in the Indian tradition and historical research on logic.

As in the earlier events in this series, we shall have eminent scholars as invited speakers. Details of the last ICLA 2017 may be found at 谷歌上网助手怎么免费. See http://ali.cmi.ac.in for information on past events as well as updates on this conference.

The call for papers is here: http://easychair.org/cfp/icla2019

The original google助手手机版下载 x by P.D. Magnus, as well as Tim Button’s forall x: Cambridge, and the forallx: Calgary remix are now released under a Creative Commons Attribution (rather than the more restrictive Attribution-ShareALike license). The Fall 2018 version also incorporates some of Tim’s revisions for the latest version of forall x: Cambridge. You can find all three on Github: forall x, forall x: Cambridge, and forall x: YYC.

Australasian Journal of Logic 15 (3): 609–28.

Priest has provided a simple tableau calculus for Chellas’s conditional logic Ck. We provide rules which, when added to Priest’s system, result in tableau calculi for Chellas’s CK and Lewis’s VC. Completeness of these tableaux, however, relies on the cut rule.

DOI: 10.26686/ajl.v15i3.4780 (open access)

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The postdoc is embedded in the research project “Optimal Proofs” funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research led by Dr. Rosalie Iemhoff, Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Utrecht University. The project in mathematical and philosophical logic is concerned with formalization in general and proof systems as a form of formalization in particular. Its mathematical aim is to develop methods to describe the possible proof systems of a given logic and establish, given various criteria of optimality, what the optimal proof systems of the logic are. Its philosophical aim is to develop general criteria for faithful formalization in logic and to thereby distinguish good formalizations from bad ones. The mathematical part of the project focusses on, but is not necessarily restricted to, the (non)classical logics that occur in computer science, mathematics, and philosophy, while the philosophical part of the project also takes into account domains where formalization in logic is less common. The postdoc is expected to contribute primarily to the mathematical part of the project. Whether the research of the postdoc also extends to the philosophical part of the project depends on his or her interests.

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